Use of o/w emulsions for chain lubrication

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the use of an O/W emulsion, in particular a PIT emulsion, for lubricating conveyor belt systems in food industries as well as a lubricant concentrate based on an O/W emulsion, in particular a PIT emulsion, of wax esters.

The present invention concerns the use of an O/W emulsion, in particular a PIT emulsion, for the lubrication of conveyor belt systems in food processing plants and a lubricant concentrate based on wax esters.

In the food industry, in particular in beverage plants, the containers that are to be filled in the filling plants are transported by means of conveyors in a wide variety of designs and materials, for example by means of apron conveyors or chain-type arrangements, which will be referred to in general terms below as conveyor chains. The conveyors link the various optional treatment stages of the filling process, such as e.g. unpacker, bottle washing machine, filler, sealer, labeler, packer, etc. The containers can come in a wide variety of forms, in particular glass and plastic bottles, cans, jars, casks, drinks containers (KEG), paper and cardboard containers. To ensure that the operation proceeds smoothly, the conveyor chains must be lubricated by suitable means such that excessive friction on the containers is avoided. Dilute aqueous solutions containing suitable antifriction agents are conventionally used for lubrication. The conveyor chains are brought into contact with the aqueous solutions by immersion or by spraying, for example, and this is then referred to as splash lubrication plant or automatic belt lubrication system or central chain lubrication system.

The chain lubricants that have been used until now as lubricating agents are mostly based on fatty acids in the form of their water-soluble alkali or alkanolamine salts or on fatty amines, preferably in the form of their organic or inorganic salts.

Whilst both classes of substances can be used without any problems in splash lubrication, they display a series of disadvantages in the central chain lubrication systems that are conventionally used today. Thus, DE-A-23 13 330 describes -soap-based lubricants containing aqueous blends of C₁₆-C₁₈ fatty acid salts and surface-active substances. Such soap-based lubricants display the following disadvantages:

-   1. A reaction occurs with the water hardness, in other words the     alkaline earth ions and other water constituents, forming poorly     soluble metal soaps know as primary alkaline earth soaps. -   2. A reaction occurs between these soap-based lubricants and carbon     dioxide dissolved in water or in the product to be filled. -   3. The working solution thus formed is always promoting germ life. -   4. If hard water is used, ion exchangers are needed to soften the     water, representing an additional source of germs (and therefore     rarely encountered in practice), or the use of products having a     high content of complexing agents is required, which in turn is     ecologically critical. -   5. Increased foaming occurs, which can in particular cause problems     at the bottle inspector (automatic bottle control) and leads to     greater wetting of the transport containers. -   6. Most of these products contain solvents. -   7. The cleaning effect of these products is poor, which means that a     separate cleaning stage is necessary. -   8. The performance of such soap-based lubricant formulations is     dependent on their pH. -   9. Soap-based lubricant formulations also display a water     temperature dependency. -   10. Soap-based lubricants have only a short storage life,     particularly at low temperatures. -   11. EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetate), which is contained in many     products, is known to be only poorly biodegradable. -   12. Such soap-based lubricant formulations are not suitable for all     transport items made of plastics, since in many cases the transport     item can suffer stress corrosion cracking when these agents are     used.

In addition to soap-based lubricants, those based on fatty amines are principally used. Thus, DE-A-36 31 953 describes a process for the lubrication of chain-type bottle conveyor belts in beverage filling plants, particularly in breweries, and for cleaning the belts with a liquid cleaning agent, which process is characterized in that the chain-type bottle conveyor belts are lubricated with belt lubricants based on neutralized primary fatty amines, which preferably have 12 to 18 C atoms and include an unsaturated content of more than 10%.

Fatty amine derivatives having the formulae

are known from EP-A-0 372 628 as lubricants, wherein

-   R¹ represents a saturated or unsaturated, branched or linear alkyl     group with 8 to 22 C atoms; -   R² represents hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group with 1 to 4 C     atoms or -A-NH₂; -   A represents a linear or branched alkylene group with 1 to 8 C     atoms; and -   A¹ represents a linear or branched alkylene group with 2 to 4 C     atoms.

Furthermore, lubricants based on N-alkylated fatty amine derivatives containing at least one secondary and/or tertiary amine are known from DE-A-39 05 548.

From DE-A-42 06 506 are known:

Soap-free lubricants based on amphoteric compounds, primary, secondary and/or tertiary amines and/or salts of such amines having the general formula (I), (IIa), (IIb), (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc), (IVa) and (IVb)

 R⁴—NH—R⁵  (IIa) R⁴—N⁺H₂—R⁵ X⁻  (IIb) R⁴—NH—(CH₂)₃NH₂  (IIIa) R⁴—NH—(CH₂)₃N⁺H₃ X⁻  (IIIb) R⁴—N⁺H₂—(CH₂)₃N⁺H₃ 2X⁻  (IIIc) R⁴—NR⁷R⁸  (IVa) and/or R⁴—N⁺HR⁷R⁸ X⁻  (IVb) wherein

-   R represents a saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated, linear or     branched alkyl residue with 6 to 22 C atoms, which can optionally be     substituted by —OH, —NH₂, —NH—, —CO—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)— or     —(CH₂CH₂CH₂O)_(l)—, -   R¹ represents hydrogen, an alkyl residue with 1 to 4 C atoms, a     hydroxyalkyl residue with 1 to 4 C atoms or an —R³COOM residue -   R² only in the case where M represents a negative charge, represents     hydrogen, an alkyl residue with 1 to 4 C atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl     residue with 1 to 4 C atoms, -   R³ represents a saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated, linear or     branched alkyl residue with 1 to 12 C atoms, which can optionally be     substituted by —OH, —NH₂, —NH—, —CO—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(l)— or     —(CH₂CH₂CH₂O)₁—, -   R⁴ represents a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched,     saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated alkyl residue with 6 to 22 C     atoms, which can display as substituents at least one amine, imine,     hydroxyl, halogen and/or carboxyl residue, -    a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl residue, which can display as     substituents at least one amine, imine, hydroxyl, halogen, carboxyl     and/or a linear or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated     alkyl residue with 6 to 22 C atoms, -   R⁵ represents hydrogen or—independently of R⁴—an R⁴ residue, -   X⁻ represents an anion from the group of amidosulfonate, nitrate,     halide, sulfate, hydrogen carbonate, carbonate, phosphate or     R⁶—COO⁻, wherein -   R⁶ represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or     branched alkyl residue with 1 to 20 C atoms or alkenyl residue with     2 to 20 C atoms, which can display as substituents at least one     hydroxyl, amine or imine residue, or a substituted or unsubstituted     phenyl residue, which can display as substituents an alkyl residue     with 1 to 20 C atoms, and -   R⁷ and R⁸ independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted,     linear or branched alkyl residue with 1 to 20 C atoms or alkenyl     residue with 2 to 20 C atoms, which can display as substituents at     least one hydroxyl, amine or imine residue, or a substituted or     unsubstituted phenyl residue, which can display as substituents an     alkyl residue with 1 to 20 C atoms, -   M represents hydrogen, alkali metal, ammonium, an alkyl residue with     1 to 4 C atoms, a benzyl residue or a negative charge, -   n represents an integer ranging from 1 to 12, -   m represents an integer ranging from 0 to 5, and -   l represents a number ranging from 0 to 5,     containing alkyldimethylamine oxides and/or alkyloligoglycosides as     nonionic surfactants.

EP-B-629 234 discloses a lubricant combination consisting of

-   a) one or more compounds having the formula -    wherein     -   R¹ represents a saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated, linear or         branched alkyl residue with 6 to 22 C atoms, which can         optionally be substituted by —OH, —NH₂, —NH—, —CO—, halogen or a         carboxyl residue,     -   R² represents a carboxyl residue with 2 to 7 C atoms,     -   M represents hydrogen, alkali metal, ammonium, an alkyl residue         with 1 to 4 C atoms or a benzyl residue and     -   n represents an integer ranging from 1 to 6, -   b) at least one organic carboxylic acid selected from monobasic or     polybasic, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated carboxylic acids     with 2 to 22 C atoms, -   c) optionally water and additives and/or auxiliary substances.

WO 94/03562 describes a lubricant concentrate based on fatty amines and optionally conventional diluting agents or additives or auxiliary substances, which concentrate is characterized in that it contains at least one polyamine derivative of a fatty amine and/or a salt of such an amine, the proportion of the abovementioned polyamine derivatives of fatty amines in the overall formulation being 1 to 100 wt.-%.

According to a preferred embodiment of WO 94/03562, this lubricant concentrate contains at least one polyamine derivative of a fatty amine having the general formula R-A-(CH₂)_(k)—NH—[(CH₂)_(l)—NH]_(y)—(CH₂)_(m)—NH₂.(H⁺X⁻)_(n) wherein

-   R is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated     or mono- or polyunsaturated alkyl residue with 6 to 22 C atoms, the     substituents being selected from amino, imino, hydroxyl, halogen and     carboxyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl residue, the     substituents being selected from amino, imino, hydroxyl, halogen,     carboxyl and a linear or branched, saturated or mono- or     polyunsaturated alkyl residue with 6 to 22 C atoms; -   A represents either —NH— or —O—, -   X⁻ represents an anion of an inorganic or organic acid, -   k, l, m are independently an integer ranging from 1 to 6; -   y is 0, 1, 2 or 3 if A=—NH— and -    1, 2, 3 or 4 if A=—O—, -   n is an integer from 0 to 6.

Application DE 199 42 535.3 provides lubricants based on polyhydroxy compounds, which are hydrophilic because of their molecular structure and which at the same time improve the lubricating performance as compared with the amines conventionally used as lubricants.

Polyhydroxy compounds selected from alkanediols or alkanetriols are cited as being particularly preferred, most particularly preferably glycerol, or polymers thereof and their esters and ethers.

From the point of view of the user, however, the chain lubricants used still present the problem that they either adhere too poorly to the chains or attach too strongly to the chains.

Where chain lubricants adhere too poorly to the chains they drip onto the ground soon after application, with the result that the lubricating effect on the chains, which are several meters in length, is extremely dependent on the proximity to the metering point. The same problem occurs at places where there is a risk of the lubrication film rapidly being removed from the surface by spilled beverage.

The consequence is that very different qualities of lubrication can occur from one section to another. In critical sections this commonly leads to bottles falling over and even to interruption of the filling operation.

Where chain lubricants adhere very well to the chains, as is the case with fluorosurfactants, for example, which have very good wetting properties, a firmly adhering film is formed on the conveyor chains, which cannot easily be removed by rinsing with water.

Residues and abraded material can accumulate in this film and lead to hygiene problems and breakdowns in operation.

The object of the present invention was accordingly to provide chain lubricants which on the one hand have good adhesion to the chains, display good lubricating properties and form a film that can easily be removed again from the chains if necessary. Such chain lubricants should also be available in a formulation stable in storage. Surprisingly, the above object can be achieved with O/W emulsions stable in storage.

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to the use of an O/W emulsion in concentrated form or after dilution with water for the lubrication of conveyor belts in food processing plants.

It is known that oil-in-water emulsions, hereinafter referred to as O/W emulsions, that are produced and stabilized with nonionic emulsifiers undergo phase inversion when heated. This process of phase inversion means that at elevated temperatures the outer, aqueous phase becomes the inner phase. This process is generally reversible, which means that the original emulsion type reforms again on cooling. It is also known that the phase inversion temperature point depends on many factors, for example the type and phase volume of the oil component, the hydrophilicity and structure of the emulsifier or the composition of the emulsifier system, cf. for example K. Shinoda and H. Kunieda in Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Volume I, P. Becher (ed.), Marcel Decker, New York 1983, page 337 ff. It is also known that O/W emulsions produced at or slightly above the phase inversion temperature are particularly finely dispersed and are characterized by long-term stability. By contrast, emulsions produced below the phase inversion temperature are less finely dispersed, cf. S. Friberg, C. Solans, J. Colloid Interface Science 1978 [66], p. 367 f.

In “Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science” 1987 [73], p. 37, F. Schambil, F. Jost and M. J. Schwuger report on the properties of cosmetic emulsions containing fatty alcohols and fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers. They relate that emulsions that were produced above the phase inversion temperature display a low viscosity and high storage stability.

However, only emulsions whose oil phase consists entirely or predominantly of non-polar hydrocarbons were investigated in the cited publications. By contrast, corresponding emulsions whose oil component consists entirely or predominantly of polar esters or triglyceride oils behave differently: either (a) coarsely dispersed white emulsions are formed instead of finely dispersed blue emulsions in spite of a phase inversion or (b) no phase inversion at all occurs in the temperature range up to 100° C.

German patent application DE-OS-38 19 193 describes a process for the production of low-viscosity O/W emulsions of polar oil components, based on the phase inversion temperature method (PIT method). According to the teaching of this application, phase inversion temperatures below 100° C. are achieved by using additional co-emulsifiers together with nonionic emulsifiers. It was found, however, that only coarse dispersions are attainable with this method in the case of oils with a dipole moment above 1.96 D. This concurs with the publication by T. Förster, F. Schambil and H. Tesmann; who investigated emulsification by the PIT method with regard to self-emulsifying surfactants and the polarity of the oil to be emulsified (International Journal of Cosmetic Science 1990 [12], p. 217). On page 222 the authors state that the presence of a phase inversion is no guarantee that finely dispersed emulsions stable in storage are obtained.

WO 93/11865 presents an improved process for the production of finely dispersed O/W emulsions displaying long-term stability and based on oil mixtures with a high proportion of polar oil components. In particular, a process was provided by means of which finely dispersed O/W emulsions stable in storage and based on oils with a dipole moment above 1.96 D can be produced.

It was found that O/W emulsions based on polar oil materials and nonionic emulsifiers are particularly finely dispersed and stable over the long term if a mixture of polar oil, nonionic emulsifier and a special interfacial moderator are heated to a temperature within or above the phase inversion temperature range—or the emulsion is produced at this temperature—and then the emulsion is cooled to a temperature below the phase inversion temperature range and optionally further diluted with water.

Furthermore, WO 93/11865 claims a process for the production of oil-in-water emulsions of polar oil materials (A) in which

-   (A) 10 to 90 wt.-% of a polar oil material is emulsified with -   (B) 0.5 to 30 wt.-% of a nonionic emulsifier with an HLB value of     from 10 to 18 and -   (C) 0 to 30 wt.-% of a co-emulsifier from the group of fatty     alcohols having 12 to 22 C atoms or partial esters of polyols having     3 to 6 C atoms with fatty acids having 12 to 22 C atoms and -   (D) 0.01 to 50 wt.-% of an interfacial moderator selected from the     group of tocopherols, Guerbet alcohols with 16 to 20 C atoms or a     steroid with 1 to 3 OH groups     are emulsified in the presence of 8 to 85 wt.-% water at a     temperature above the melting point of the mixture comprising     components (A) to (D), and the emulsion is heated to a temperature     within or above the phase inversion temperature range—or the     emulsion is produced at this temperature—and the emulsion is then     cooled to a temperature below the phase inversion temperature range     and optionally further diluted with water.

This process has the advantage that particularly finely dispersed emulsions are obtained which display excellent storage stability. In comparison to the previously known prior art, e.g. DE-OS-38 19 193, the phase inversion temperature is also reduced, which is particularly favorable in practice because of the associated energy saving.

Oil-in-water emulsions produced by the PIT method are used for example as skin and body-care products, as cooling lubricants or as fiber and textile auxiliaries. They are particularly preferred in processes for the production of emulsion-type preparations for skin and hair treatment.

Reference is made in this connection to German patent DE 197 03 087 C2, from which is known the use of corresponding PIT emulsions for the production of cosmetic remoisturizing products.

In the currently available prior art a use according to the invention of O/W emulsions is neither disclosed nor referred to in any form.

In a preferred embodiment of the use according to the invention the O/W emulsion contains at least one wax ester.

The term wax esters refers to esters of long-chain carboxylic acids with long-chain alcohols, which preferably follow formula (1), R¹CO—OR²  (1) wherein R¹CO represents a saturated and/or unsaturated acyl residue with 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and R² represents an alkyl and/or alkenyl residue with 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Typical examples are esters of caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid and erucic acid and technical blends thereof with hexanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, decanol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, linolyl alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, eleostearyl alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol and brassidyl alcohol and technical blends thereof. Cetyl palmitate, cetyl stearate, cetyl isostearate, cetyl oleate, cetyl behenate, cetyl erucate, stearyl palmitate, stearyl stearate, stearyl isostearate, stearyl oleate, stearyl behenate, stearyl erucate, isostearyl palmitate, isostearyl stearate, isostearyl isostearate, isostearyl oleate, isostearyl behenate, isostearyl erucate, oleyl palmitate, oleyl stearate, oleyl isostearate, oleyl oleate, oleyl behenate, oleyl erucate, behenyl palmitate, behenyl stearate, behenyl isostearate, behenyl oleate, behenyl behenate, behenyl oleate and mixtures thereof are preferably used. Esters of the cited alcohols with fruit acids, i.e., malic, tartaric or citric acids, for example, fruit waxes and silicone waxes can also be used as wax esters.

The O/W emulsion for use according to the invention preferably contains at least one further component selected from the group of

-   a) triglycerides -   b) partial glycerides, or -   c) fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, or     any mixture of the cited components a) to c).

The term triglycerides refers to substances having formula (2)

in which R³CO, R⁴CO and R⁵CO independently represent linear or branched, saturated and/or unsaturated, optionally hydroxy- and/or epoxy-substituted acyl residues with 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and the sum (m+n+p) represents 0 or numbers of from 1 to 100, preferably from 20 to 80. The triglycerides can be of natural origin or produced on a synthetic route. They are preferably hydroxy- and/or epoxy-functionalized substances, such as e.g. castor oil or hydrogenated castor oil, epoxidized castor oil, ring-opening products of epoxidized castor oils of varying epoxy values with water and addition products of on average 1 to 100, preferably 20 to 80 and particularly 40 to 60 mol to these cited triglycerides.

Partial glycerides are monoglycerides, diglycerides and technical blends thereof, which because of their manufacturing process can still contain small quantities of triglycerides. The partial glycerides preferably follow formula (3)

in which R⁶CO represents a linear or branched, saturated and/or unsaturated acyl residue with 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, R⁷ and R⁸ independently represent R⁶CO or OH and the sum (m+n+p) stands for 0 or numbers from 1 to 100, preferably 5 to 25, with the proviso that at least one of the two residues R⁷ and R⁸ represents OH. Typical examples are monoglycerides and/or diglycerides based on caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid and erucic acid and technical blends thereof. Technical lauric acid glycerides, palmitic acid glycerides, stearic acid glycerides, isostearic acid glycerides, oleic acid glycerides, behenic acid glycerides and/or erucic acid glycerides are preferably used which display a monoglyceride content in the range from 50 to 95, preferably 60 to 90 wt.-%.

The fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers of relevance to the invention correspond to formula (4), R⁹O(CH₂CH₂O)_(q)H  (4) in which R⁹ represents a linear or branched alkyl and/or alkenyl residue with 6 to 22 carbon atoms and q stands for numbers from 1 to 50. Typical examples are addition products of on average 1 to 50, preferably 5 to 25, to hexanol, octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, decanol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmitoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol, petroselinyl alcohol, linolyl alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, eleostearyl alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, erucyl alcohol and brassidyl alcohol and technical blends thereof. The surfactants can exhibit both a conventionally broad and a narrow homologue distribution. Addition products of on average 10 to 20 mol ethylene oxide to cetearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol and/or behenyl alcohol are particularly preferred.

Examples of other components include co-emulsifiers such as non-ionogenic surfactants from at least one of the following groups:

-   (1) addition products of 2 to 30 mol ethylene oxide and/or 0 to 5     mol propylene oxide to linear fatty alcohols with 8 to 22 C atoms,     to fatty acids with 12 to 22 C atoms and to alkylphenols with 8 to     15 C atoms in the alkyl group; -   (2) glycerol monoesters and diesters and sorbitan monoesters and     diesters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 6 to 22     carbon atoms and ethylene oxide addition products thereof; -   (3) alkylmono- and -oligoglycosides with 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the     alkyl residue and ethoxylated analogs thereof; -   (4) polyol esters and in particular polyglycerol esters such as     polyglycerol polyricinoleate or polyglycerol     poly-12-hydroxystearate; also suitable are mixtures of compounds     from several of these classes of substances; -   (5) partial esters based on linear, branched, unsaturated or     saturated C₆₋₂₂ fatty acids, ricinoleic acid and 12-hydroxystearic     acid and glycerol, polyglycerol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol,     sugar alcohols (e.g. sorbitol), alkylglucosides (e.g.     methylglucoside, butylglucoside, laurylglucoside) and polyglucosides     (e.g. cellulose); -   (6) trialkyl phosphates and mono-, di- and/or tri-PEG alkyl     phosphates; -   (7) wool wax alcohols; -   (8) polysiloxane-polyalkyl-polyether copolymers or corresponding     derivatives; -   (9) mixed esters of pentaerythritol, fatty acids, citric acid and     fatty alcohol according to DE-PS 1165574 and/or mixed esters of     fatty acids with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, methylglucose and polyols,     preferably glycerol, and -   (13) polyalkylene glycols.

The addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide to fatty alcohols, fatty acids, alkylphenols, glycerol monoesters and diesters and sorbitan monoesters and diesters of fatty acids or to castor oil are well-known, commercially available products. They are mixtures of homologues whose average degree of alkoxylation corresponds to the ratio of the amounts of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and substrate with which the addition reaction is performed.

C₈₋₁₈ alkylmonoglycosides and -oligoglycosides, their production and their use as surface-active substances are known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 3,839,318, U.S. Pat. No. 3,707,535, U.S. Pat. No. 3,547,828, DE-OS 19 43 689, DE-OS 20 36 472 and DE-A-130 01 064 and EP-A-0 077 167. They are produced in particular by reacting glucose or oligosaccharides with primary alcohols having 8 to 18 C atoms. With regard to the glycoside residue, both monoglycosides in which a cyclic sugar residue is glycosidically bound to the fatty alcohol and oligomeric glycosides with a degree of oligomerization of up to preferably around 8 are suitable. The degree of oligomerization is a statistical average based on the homologue distribution as common in technical products of that type.

Zwitterionic surfactants can also be used as emulsifiers. The term zwitterionic surfactants comprises surface-active compounds carrying at least one quaternary ammonium group and at least one carboxylate group and a sulfonate group in the molecule. Particularly suitable zwitterionic surfactants are the so-called betaines such as N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonium glycinates, for example coconut-alkyldimethylammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N-dimethylammonium glycinates, for example coconut-acylaminopropyldimethylammonium glycinate, and 2-alkyl-3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolines, each having 8 to 18 C atoms in the alkyl or acyl group, and coconut-acylaminoethyl-hydroxyethyl-carboxymethyl glycinate. The fatty acid amide derivative know under the CTFA designation cocamidopropylbetaine is particularly preferred. Other suitable emulsifiers are ampholytic surfactants. Ampholytic surfactants are understood to be surface-active compounds that in addition to a C_(8/18) alkyl or acyl group in the molecule also contain at least one free amino group and at least one —COOH or —SO₃H group and are capable of forming internal salts. Examples of suitable ampholytic surfactants are N-alkylglycines, N-alkylpropionic acids, N-alkylaminobutyric acids, N-alkyliminodipropionic acids, N-hydroxyethyl-N-alkylamidopropylglycines, N-alkyltaurines, N-alkylsarcosines, 2-alkylaminopropionic acids and alkylaminoacetic acids, each having around 8 to 18 C atoms in the alkyl group. Particularly preferred ampholytic surfactants are N-coconut-alkylaminopropionate, coconut-acylaminoethylaminopropionate and C_(12,18) acylsarcosine.

Also suitable in addition to ampholytic emulsifiers are quaternary emulsifiers, and those of the esterquat type, preferably methyl-quaternized difatty acid triethanolamine ester salts, are particularly preferred.

Substances such as e.g. lanolin and lecithin and polyethoxylated or acylated lanolin and lecithin derivatives, polyol fatty acid esters, monoglycerides and fatty acid alkanolamides can be used as further additives, the latter simultaneously serving as foam stabilizers. Suitable examples of consistency modifiers, where required, are primarily fatty alcohols with 12 to 22 and preferably 16 to 18 carbon atoms, as well as partial glycerides. A combination of these substances with alkyloligoglucosides and/or fatty acid N-methylglucamides of the same chain length and/or polyglycerol poly-12-hydroxystearates is preferred. Suitable thickening agents, where required, are for example polysaccharides, in particular xanthan gum, guar-guar, agar-agar, alginates and tyloses, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, as well as higher-molecular weight polyethylene glycol mono- and diesters of fatty acids, polyacrylates (e.g. Carbopole® from Goodrich or Synthalene® from Sigma), polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, surfactants such as ethoxylated fatty acid glycerides, esters of fatty acids with polyols such as pentaerythritol or trimethylolpropane, fatty alcohol ethoxylates with narrow homologue distribution or alkyloligoglucosides and electrolytes such as common salt and ammonium chloride. Depending on the properties required of the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, suitable cationic polymers can also be added. These are selected for example from cationic cellulose derivatives, such as e.g. quaternized hydroxyethylcellulose, which is available from Amerchol under the name Polymer JR 400®, cationic starch, copolymers of diallylammonium salts and acrylamides, quaternized vinylpyrrolidone/vinylimidazole polymers such as Luviquate (BASF), condensation products of polyglycols and amines, quaternized collagen polypeptides such as lauryidimonium hydroxypropyl hydrolyzed collagen (Lamequate L/Grunau), quaternized wheat polypeptides, polyethyleneimine, cationic silicone polymers such as amidomethicones, copolymers of adipic acid and dimethylaminohydroxypropyldiethylenetriamine (Cartaretine®/Sandoz), copolymers of acrylic acid with dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (Merquat® 550/Chemviron), polyaminopolyamides such as described e.g. in FR-A 22 52 840 and crosslinked water-soluble polymers thereof, cationic chitin derivatives such as e.g. quaternized chitosan, optionally with microcrystalline distribution, condensation products of dihaloalkyls such as e.g. dibromobutane with bisdialkylamines such as bisdimethylamino-1,3-propane, cationic guar gum such as Jaguar® CBS, Jaguar® C-1 7, Jaguar® C-16 from Celanese, quaternized ammonium salt polymers such as Mirapol® A-15, Mirapol® AD-1, Mirapol® AZ-1 from Miranol.

Hydrotropes such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or polyols can also be used to improve the flow properties of the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention. Suitable polyols for this purpose preferably have 2 to 15 carbon atoms and at least two hydroxyl groups. Typical examples are

-   -   glycerol;     -   alkylene glycols such as e.g. ethylene glycol, diethylene         glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol and         polyethylene glycols with an average molecular weight of 100 to         1000 daltons;     -   technical oligoglycerol blends with an intrinsic degree of         condensation of 1.5 to 10, such as technical diglycerol blends         with a diglycerol content of 40 to 50 wt.-%;     -   methylol compounds, such as in particular trimethylolethane,         trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol and         dipentaerythritol;     -   lower-alkylglucosides, in particular those having 1 to 8 carbon         atoms in the alkyl residue, such as methyl- and butylglucoside;     -   sugar alcohols having 5 to 12 carbon atoms, such as sorbitol or         mannitol,     -   sugars having 5 to 12 carbon atoms, such as glucose or sucrose;         amino sugars such as glucamine.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention O/W emulsions containing

-   (x) 1 to 50 wt.-% wax esters, -   (a) 0.04 to 10 wt.-% triglycerides, -   (b) 0.04 to 10 wt.-% partial glycerides and -   (c) 0.04 to 20 wt.-% fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers     are used, with the proviso that the cited quantities are     supplemented with water and optionally further conventional     additives and auxiliary substances so as to make 100 wt.-%.

The O/W emulsions for use according to the invention preferably contain at least one alcoholic component selected from monohydroxy, dihydroxy and trihydroxy compounds, in combination with at least one further component selected from

-   d) nitrogen-containing, aliphatic, organic compounds with less than     10 C atoms in the molecule, preferably less than 7 C atoms in the     molecule, which particularly preferably contains an additional OH     group, and/or -   e) an organic carboxylic acid with 1 to 10 C atoms in the molecule,     preferably acetic acid and/or caproic acid.

Furthermore, the proportion of the cited alcoholic component, relative to the overall O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, is preferably greater than 20 wt.-%, particularly preferably greater than 50 wt.-%, but no greater than 61.8 wt.-%.

The cited alcoholic component to be used in the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention is preferably substantially glycerol.

Also regarded as being preferred is an O/W emulsion for use according to the invention containing as the cited nitrogen-containing compound (d) a compound having formula (5)

wherein the residues R¹, R², R³ can independently be H or —(CH₂)_(n)—OH with n=1 or 2 and not all residues R¹, R², R³ can simultaneously be H. The cited nitrogen-containing compound (d) is most particularly preferably monoethanolamine and/or triethanolamine.

Where the cited nitrogen-containing compound (d) is present in the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, its proportion relative to the overall concentrate is 0.1 to 20 wt.-%.

Where the cited organic carboxylic acid (e) is present in the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, its proportion relative to the overall concentrate is 0.1 to 20 wt.-%.

Furthermore, the proportion of the aqueous phase in the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention is preferably greater than 95 wt.-%, relative to the entire O/W emulsion. In the sense of the present invention the term aqueous phase refers to at least 10 wt.-% water together with all components contained within it, with the proviso that together they form a single phase, with no phase boundaries.

In another O/W emulsion for use according to the invention this is in the form of a high concentrate containing

-   (x) 25 to 50 wt.-% wax esters, -   (a) 1 to 10 wt.-% triglycerides, -   (b) 1 to 10 wt.-% partial glycerides, and -   (c) 1 to 20 wt.-% fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, with the proviso     that the cited quantities are supplemented with water and optionally     further conventional additives and auxiliary substances so as to     make 100 wt.-%.

Depending on the formulation, the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention also preferably contains at least one antimicrobial component selected from the groups of alcohols, aldehydes, antimicrobial acids, carboxylic esters, amides, phenols, phenol derivatives, diphenyls, diphenylalkanes, urea derivatives, oxygen acetals and formals, nitrogen acetals and formals, benzamidines, isothiazolines, phthalimide derivatives, pyridine derivatives, antimicrobial surface-active compounds, guanidines, antimicrobial amphoteric compounds, quinolines, 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane, iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate, iodine, iodophors, peroxides, peracids, the cited components being different from the components in the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention that have already been mentioned.

Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention is produced immediately before it is applied to the belts on the cited conveyor belt system, and in a particularly preferred fashion the cited O/W emulsion is produced in special mixing nozzles that are suitable for the production of O/W emulsions.

The O/W emulsion or the diluted solution thereof for use according to the invention is preferably used for the transport of plastic, cardboard, metal or glass containers, and in the case of plastic containers, these particularly preferably contain at least one polymer selected from the groups of polyethylene terephthalates (PET), polyethylene naphthenates (PEN), polycarbonates (PC), PVC and are most particularly preferably PET drinks bottles.

Furthermore, when using the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, additional antimicrobial agents, in particular organic peracids, chlorine dioxide or ozone, are preferably used separately during the application.

In the application of the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, the O/W emulsion is further preferably applied directly to the belts on the conveyor system by means of an application device, without prior dilution.

In the application of the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, the O/W emulsion is likewise preferably diluted with water in the conveyor system, particularly preferably by a dilution factor between 20,000 and 100, before it is applied to the belts oh the conveyor system by means of an application device.

In another preferred embodiment of the application of the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention, the application device is preferably in direct contact with the surfaces to be lubricated during the application. In the sense of the present invention this means that the application is performed for example using a paintbrush, sponge, rags, wipers, that are in direct contact with the chain.

Depending on requirements, a spray device can also preferably be used as the application device.

The invention is also directed to a lubricant concentrate in the form of an O/W emulsion and containing a wax ester, for the lubrication of conveyor belt systems in food processing plants.

The lubricant concentrate according to the invention preferably contains at least one further component selected from the groups of

-   a) triglycerides, -   b) partial glycerides, or -   C) fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.

All explanations given in connection with the description of the O/W emulsion for use according to the invention also apply in the same way to the lubricant concentrates according to the invention.

EXAMPLES

Chain lubricant concentrates were formulated as an O/w emulsion in various compositions and investigated for their properties. The viscosity of the preparations E1 and E2 was measured by the Brookfield method in an RVF viscometer (spindle 1, 10 revolutions per minute (rpm)), once immediately after production (20° C.) and again after a storage period of 4 weeks at 45° C. The stability of the formulations was determined visually after storage (4 w, 45° C.), where “+” denotes stable and “−” phase separation. TABLE 1 Formulations of the tested chain lubricants (quantities in wt.-%) Composition/property E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 Cetyl palmitate 30 40 4.44 2.678 2.08 3.33 3.33 4.44 4.44 Hydrogenated castor oil 4 6 0.67 0.4 0.26 0.44 0.44 0.67 0.67 Glyceryl stearate 2 3 0.33 0.2 0.13 0.22 0.22 0.33 0.33 Beheneth-10 8 12 1.33 0.8 0.52 0.89 0.89 1.33 1.33 (behenyl alcohol/C₂₂ with approx. 10 mol EO) Formic acid − − 2 − 0.13 − − − − Acetic acid − − − 3 − − − − − C₁₈ Alkoxypropylamine − − − 5 − − − − − KOH − − − 2 − − − − − Tallow betaine − − − − 10 − − − − Peracetic acid − − − − − 2 − − − Benzalkonium chloride − − − − − − 10 − − Monobromoacetic acid − − − − − − − 12.5 − Iodine − − − − − − − − 1.1 Potassium iodide − − − − − − − − 2 Water to make 100 wt.-% Viscosity-immediate [mPa□s] 6000 6400 − − − − − − Viscosity-after storage [mPa□s] 6100 6400 − − − − − − Stability + + − − − − − −

Lubrication tests were performed with formulations E1 and E3, as well as E4. For this purpose the product was diluted with water of varying qualities in order to determine any dependency of lubricating performance on water quality. PET bottles were used as transport containers in lubrication tests on test conveyors. The tests were conducted in a way as described in the prior art.

The PET bottles were also tested on various chain materials.

Very good lubrication values were obtained as is show in Table 2 below.

In the case of saline, hard water in particular, the formulation E1 displays outstanding lubrication values. The formulations E3 and E4 show excellent values with completely desalted water as well.

Similar properties were achieved in tests with the other formulations E2, as well as E5 through E9. TABLE 2 Lubrication tests with diluted working solutions of formulations E1 and E3, as well as E4 Concen- Chain tration Coefficient Formulation material [ppm] Water of friction E1 Steel 100 CD (completely desalted) 0.110-0.140 100 16° d 0.060-0.080 200 CD (completely desalted) 0.100-0.120 200 16° d 0.065-0.090 400 CD (completely desalted) 0.070-0.080 400 16° d 0.045-0.060 Plastic 100 CD (completely desalted) 0.120-0.160 100 16° d 0.075-0.090 200 CD (completely desalted) 0.080-0.130 200 16° d 0.055-0.080 400 CD (completely desalted) 0.070-0.110 400 16° d 0.050-0.070 E3 Steel 1000 CD (completely desalted) 0.07-0.09 1000 16° d 0.06-0.08 Plastic 1000 CD (completely desalted) 0.065-0.08  1000 16° d 0.05-0.07 E4 Steel 700 CD (completely desalted) 0.065-0.09  700 16° d 0.055-0.07  Plastic 700 CD (completely desalted) 0.05-0.07 700 16° d 0.04-0.06 ° d = German hardness

When evaluating the above test series, it should be noted, among other things, that combinations including alkoxypropylamine achieve outstanding lubrication values despite lower amount of cetyl palmitate active substance in such combinations. Another advantage in such combinations is that alkoxypropyleneamines contribute additional antimicrobial activity to the combination.

These advantages were confirmed in several tests for the alkoxypropylamine types that are well-known in chain lubricants and have the general formula R-A-(CH₂)_(k)—NH—[(CH₂)_(l)—NH]_(y)—H.(H⁺X⁻)_(n)  (V) wherein

-   R is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched, saturated     or mono- or polyunsaturated alkyl residue with 6 to 22 C atoms, the     substituents being selected from amino, imino, hydroxyl, halogen and     carboxyl, or -    a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl residue, the substituents     being selected from amino, imino, hydroxyl, halogen, carboxyl and a     linear or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated alkyl     residue with 6 to 22 C atoms; -   A represents —O— -   X⁻ represents an anion of an inorganic or organic acid, -   k, l are independently an integer ranging from 1 to 6; -   y is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, -   n is an integer from 0 to 6.

Also, very good lubrication values were achieved by combining the inventive lubricant concentrates with amines of formula (V) wherein A represents an —NH-group.

Moreover, good results are obtained when combining the lubricant concentrates of the invention with chain lubricating agents according to the formulas (I), (IIa), (IIb), (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc), (IVa) and/or (IVb) that are well-known from the literature and practice.

In such combinations, the otherwise required active substance concentration of amines frequently regarded as critical from a toxicological and ecological point of view can be reduced at will.

Accordingly, the present invention also widens the spectrum of formulation resources to the applications engineer.

In general, the lubricant concentrates combined with amine-containing chain lubricant active substances have sufficiently good antimicrobial activity to prevent germ growth or even destroy germs in practice. In those cases where these combination active substances are absent or their concentration is not sufficiently high, it is of course possible to add further antimicrobially active substances.

This is illustrated in the Examples E6, E7, E8 and E9 merely by way of example. In addition, there are many other options.

The TNO method was performed to determine the material compatibility. To this end, formulation E1 was used without dilution and as a working solution with 1% dilution.

According to the description of the test, PET bottles are filled with water and conditioned with carbon dioxide in such a way that the pressure inside the bottles is approximately 7 bar. The base cups of the bottles are then dipped in the formulation of the comparative example or the example for use according to the invention and stored in a Petri dish for a period of 24 hours. After 24 hours the bottles are opened, emptied and the base cups rinsed with water. A visual evaluation of the base cups reveals that in the test with the example for use according to the invention only a few shallow stress cracks, grade A, are present in the base area. Grading is performed in accordance with the reference pictures contained in chapter IV-22 of the book “CODE OF PRACTICE—Guidelines for an Industrial Code of Practice for Refillable PET Bottles”, Edition 1, 1993-1994.

Accordingly, the performance in respect of PET bottles can likewise be rated as positive: little stress corrosion cracking, confined to the base cup, was determined for both tests. The stand ring displayed no stress corrosion cracking.

As already indicated, it was found that the persistence of the working solution of agent E1 according to the invention on the chains increases as the water hardness increases.

An increase in the water hardness can accordingly also extend the intervals between metering times. 

1-28. (Cancelled).
 29. A method of lubricating a conveyor comprising applying an oil in water emulsion composition to the conveyor, the oil component of the emulsion composition comprising a wax ester.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the conveyor is located in a processing plant.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition is applied to the conveyor as a concentrate.
 32. The method of claim 29, comprising the additional step of diluting the composition with water prior to the composition being applied to the conveyor.
 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition is formed using the phase inversion temperature method.
 34. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises a component selected from the group consisting of triglycerides, partial glycerides, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, and mixtures thereof.
 35. The method of claim 29, wherein the wax ester has a formula R¹CO—OR² wherein R¹CO is a saturated or unsaturated acyl residue having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and R² is an alkyl or alkenyl residue having 6 to 22 carbon atoms.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the triglyceride has the formula

wherein COR³, COR⁴ and COR⁵ are independently acyl residues having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms and the acyl residues are selected from the group consisting of linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated, hydroxyl substituted, and epoxy substituted acyl residues and mixtures thereof, and wherein the sum of m, n, and p equals 0 to
 100. 37. The method of claim 34, wherein the partial glyceride has the formula

wherein COR⁶ is an acyl residue having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms and the acyl residue is selected from the group consisting of linear, branched, saturated, and unsaturated acyl residues and mixtures thereof; and R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of COR⁶ and OH; and the sum of m, n, and p equals 0 to 100; with the proviso that at least one of the two residues R⁷ and R⁸ represents OH.
 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the fatty alcohol polyglycol ether has the formula R⁹O(CH₂CH₂O)_(q)H wherein R⁹ is a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl residue having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms and q is a number from 1 to
 50. 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the emulsion composition comprises: (a) from about 1 to about 50 wt. % wax esters; (b) from about 0.04 to about 10 wt. % triglyceride; (c) from about 0.04 to about 10 wt. % partial glyceride; and (d) from about 0.04 to about 20 wt. % fatty alcohol polyglycol ether.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises water.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises additives.
 42. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises (a) at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of monohydroxy, dihydroxy, and trihydroxy compounds; and (b) at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nitrogen-containing, aliphatic organic compound having less than 10 carbon atoms in the molecule; (ii) a carboxylic acid having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the molecule; (iii) and mixtures thereof.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the emulsion composition comprises at least about 20 wt. % of the alcohol.
 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the nitrogen compound has the formula

wherein the residues R¹, R², and R³ can independently be H or (CH₂)_(n)—OH where n is 1 or 2, and not all residues R¹, R², and R³ can simultaneously be H.
 45. The method of claim 42, wherein the emulsion composition comprises from about 0.1 to about 20 wt. % of the nitrogen-containing compound.
 46. The method of claim 42, wherein the emulsion composition comprises from about 0.1 to about 20 wt. % of the organic carboxylic acid.
 47. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises an amine selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.
 48. The method of claim 29, wherein the proportion of the aqueous phase of the emulsion composition is greater than 95 wt. % relative to the overall oil in water emulsion.
 49. The method of claim 34, wherein the emulsion composition comprises: (a) from about 25 to about 50 wt. % wax esters; (b) from about 1 to about 10 wt. % triglyceride; (c) from about 1 to about 10 wt. % partial glycerides; and (d) from about 1 to about 20 wt. % fatty alcohol polyglycol ether.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises water.
 51. The method of claim 49, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises additional additives.
 52. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition further comprises an antimicrobial.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, aldehydes, antimicrobial acids, carboxylic esters, amides, phenols, phenol derivatives, diphenyls, diphenylalkanes, urea derivatives, oxygen acetals, oxygen formals, nitrogen acetals, nitrogen formals, benzamidines, isothiazolines, phthalimide derivatives, pyridine derivatives, antimicrobial surface-active compounds, guanidines, antimicrobial amphoteric compounds, quinolines, 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane, iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate, iodine, iodophores, peroxides, peracids, and mixtures thereof.
 54. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition is produced immediately before it is applied to the conveyor.
 55. The method of claim 29, wherein the conveyor is used to transport plastic, cardboard, metal, or glass containers.
 56. The method of claim 29, wherein the emulsion composition is applied to the conveyor by means of an application device.
 57. The method of claim 32, wherein the emulsion composition is diluted by a dilution factor of between about 20,000 and
 100. 58. The method of claim 56, wherein the application device is in direct contact with the surface to be lubricated.
 59. A conveyor lubricant composition comprising: (a) a wax ester; (b) at least one alcohol component selected from the group consisting of a monohydroxy alcohol, a dihydroxy alcohol, and a trihydroxy alcohol; and (c) at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nitrogen-containing, aliphatic, organic compound with less than 10 carbon atoms in the molecule; (ii) an organic carboxylic acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the molecule; (iii) and mixtures thereof.
 60. The composition of claim 59, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of triglycerides, partial glycerides, and fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.
 61. The composition of claim 60 comprising: (a) from about 1 to about 50 wt. % wax esters; (b) from about 0.04 to about 10 wt. % triglycerides; (c) from about 0.04 to about 10 wt. % partial glycerides; and (d) from about 0.04 to about 20 wt. % fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.
 62. The composition of claim 61, further comprising water.
 63. The composition of claim 61, further comprising additives.
 64. The composition of claim 60 comprising: (a) from about 25 to about 50 wt. % wax esters; (b) from about 1 to about 10 wt. % triglycerides; (c) from about 1 to about 10 wt. % partial glycerides; and (d) from about 1 to about 20 wt. % fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.
 65. The composition of claim 64, further comprising water.
 66. The composition of claim 64, further comprising additives. 